Telecom Industry in India

Telecom industry in India has a big market potentiality and is a fast growing sector. Government of India is eager to reconstitute this telecom industry by enacting effective policies for more investments from foreign companies, which results in a very competitive and deregulated market in the world.
Policies of telecom industry in IndiaGovernment of India implemented the unified access licensing regime, which enables basic and cellular mobile service to use any modern technology. In 1997, Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) was formed to facilitate the growth of the telecom sector in India.
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Major services and market potentiality of Telecom industry in IndiaTelecommunication sector in India is primarily subdivided into two segments, which are Fixed Service Provider (FSPs) and Cellular Services. Telecom industry in India constitutes some essential telecom services like telephone, radio, television and Internet. Telecom industry in India is specifically emphasizing on latest technologies like GSM( Global System for Mobile Communications), CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access), PMRTS(Public Mobile Radio Trunking Services), Fixed Line and WLL(Wireless Local Loop ). India has a prospering market specifically in GSM mobile service and the number of subscribers is growing very fast.
Economic perspective of telecom industry in IndiaTelecom industry in India has a major role in Indian economy. The Indian government is also enforcing some effective telecom policies and regulations for the infrastructural growth of this industry. Indian telecom market provides a tele-density of 8.5 percent as registered in the year 2004. A number of leading multinational telecommunication companies are approaching and showing their interest to invest for the telecom industry in India. Telecommunication industry of India ranked sixth among all the telecommunication sectors in the world. In the year 2004, the total number of telephone subscriptions were US$93.2.
Leading telecommunication service providers of telecom industry in IndiaBharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL), Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL), Bharti Airtel, Tata Teleservices, SIFY Ltd. are the major telecommunications service providers in India.

China Telecom Industry

China telecom industry has an enormous business potentiality and is targeting on the development and application of advanced technologies specifically on wireless and broadband services. China telecom industry is rapidly prospering towards the world's leading market in telecommunication industry and consequently employment opportunities are also growing. Government of China is also encouraging this industry by adopting technical support and expert services from Canadian Aprel Laboratories for the development of wireless telecommunication industry.
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Recent developments of China telecom industryChina telecom industry is trying to issue 3G(third generation) mobile licenses. Only 12 countries have issued '3G' mobile communications, which is a combination of wireless mobile technology with data transmission capabilities. The three 3G standards comprise of WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), TD-SCDMA(Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access) and CDMA 2000 (Code Division Multiple Access). TD-SCDMA can be treated as one of the most advanced technologies for mobile operators. China telecommunication industry is also going to enhance the Internet accessibility for the users throughout the world.
Leading telecommunication service providers of China telecom industryA number of state run companies are primarily involved with China telecom industry. Some of the leading providers of telecom services include China Telecom and China Netcom, who are engaged in fixed line business activities. China Mobile and China Unicom are engaged with the mobile sector of China telecom industry. Some minor companies include China Tie Tong, China Satcom. China Government is also encouraging foreign operators to access the telecom industry.
Economic perspective of China telecom industryChina telecom sector is prospering rapidly. The growth rate of this industry from year 1997 to 2000 was about 20%. Out of China's overall telecom sector, the mobile operators have invested an average of 25 billion US dollars in a year. With respect to the number of subscribers, China possesses the world's largest fixed-line and mobile network industry.

U.S Telecom Industry

U.S. telecom industry is the most prosperous telecommunication industry in the world, which covers a wide range of areas and services like telephone, television, Internet, radio and so many. U.S. telecom industry primarily deals with the services of transmitting message through mediums like cables, satellites etc.
Principal divisions of U.S. telecom industryU.S. telecom industry specifically consists of three primary sections namely technical, regulatory and economic. These three sectors work together to make the U.S. telecom industry a prosperous one. U.S. telecom industry began with the telegraph industry and gradually focus towards wireless and online services.
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Components and services of U.S. telecommunications industryComponents and services of U.S. telecommunication industry include wireless technologies, digital technologies and mobile network services. Wireless technology is a form of technology for data communication without wires, which is alternatively called radio transmissions. This technology is more affordable and easy to use. American engineers started using digital technology from the mid-twentieth century and with the use of ISDN(Inter Services Digital Network), information will be transmitted in a completely digital fashion.
Economic perspective of U.S. telecom industryTelecommunication industry is the key force of American economy. U.S. telecommunication industry extends it's activities in almost every sector, from education to health care or banking and finance. U.S. telecom industry enables an overall of 75% U.S. labor productivity gains.
Prime objectives of U.S. telecommunication industryU.S. telecommunication industry designed to achieve the target of creating more than 212,000 jobs in it's telecommunication industry. Besides creating new job opportunities, some other objectives of U.S. telecommunication industry include adding customer value by providing them innovative services like VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol), creating an overall of $58 billion capital investment opportunities and generating $113 billion new revenues in it's telecom industry.

World Telecom Industry

World telecom industry is an uprising industry, proceeding towards a goal of achieving two third of the world's telecom connections. Over the past few years information and communications technology has changed in a dramatic manner and as a result of that world telecom industry is going to be a booming industry. Substantial economic growth and mounting population enable the rapid growth of this industry.
Research works associated with world telecommunication industryA number of research works are being carried out all over the world to improve the quality and speed of transmission. Research works are also done on the basis of the users' needs. The objective of the research work is to provide quality and affordable service to the consumers.
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Market potentiality of world telecommunication industryThe world telecommunications market is expected to rise at an 11 percent compound annual growth rate at the end of year 2010. The leading telecom companies like AT&T, Vodafone, Verizon, SBC Communications, Bell South, Qwest Communications are trying to take the advantage of this growth. These companies are working on telecommunication fields like broadband technologies, EDGE(Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution) technologies, LAN-WAN inter networking, optical networking, voice over Internet protocol, wireless data service etc.
Economical aspect of telecommunication industryWorld telecom industry is taking a crucial part of world economy. The total revenue earned from this industry is 3 percent of the gross world products and is aiming at attaining more revenues. One statistical report reveals that approximately 16.9% of the world population has access to the Internet.
Present market scenario of world telecom industryOver the last couple of years, world telecommunication industry has been consolidating by allowing private organizations the opportunities to run their businesses with this industry. The Government monopolies are now being privatized and consequently competition is developing. Among all, the domestic and small business markets are the hardest.

Telecommunications Industry

Components and factors responsible behind the growth of telecommunications industry Two major factors responsible for the growth of telecommunications industry are use of modern technology and market competition. One of the products of modern technologies is optical fibers, which are being used as a medium of data transmission instead of using coaxial or twisted pair cables. Optical fibers can carry a high volume of data and are easier to maintain and install. Use of communication satellites make this telecommunications industry a booming industry. The use of mobile network has a crucial role behind the growth of an improved telecommunications industry. Leading companies are showing their interest to invest in this telecommunications industry. Telecommunications industry is going to be a digitized one. Use of ISDN (Inter Services Digital Network) makes this telecommunication industry a total digitalized system and eventually enhanced the speed and quality of digital communication.
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The introduction of these advanced technologies makes the telecommunications industry a competitive one, where a number of multinational companies have shown their interest to invest in this industry and consequently the prices are reduced, the quality is also improved. During the period of 1990, the telecommunication industry showed a speedy growth in terms of investment and eventually increased the competition. The competition between the companies led to the decline of revenues.
Employment opportunities in telecommunications industry Telecommunication industry has created immense employment opportunities. Most of the employees in this industry are engaged in large establishments, although there are some small establishments, where a large number of small contractors are involved. Fifty five percent of all workers are engaged in office and administrative support occupations. The other occupations of this industry relate to installation, maintenance, and repair .

Black Latte Communications Selene Bluetooth Headset, Innovative Flip Earpiece, Bluetooth v2.0. ds

Black Latte Communications Selene Bluetooth Headset, Innovative Flip Earpiece, Bluetooth v2.0Features & Specifications:
Bluetooth v2.0
Innovative Flip Earpiece
Operation time:up to 4 hours talk time and 100 hours standby time
Crystal clear sound- RF Sensitivity: Over -80dbm
Profile: Handsfree & Headset
33ft distance range

Plantronics Voyager PRO Wireless Bluetooth Headset, Model: 79800-01.

Pushing the limits of headset technology, the Voyager PRO is the most advanced noise-canceling Bluetooth headset available. Two noise-canceling mics on a boom, AudioIQ technology with its adaptive 20-band equalizer, and three layers of WindSmart technology ensure that you hear every word and that your voice is heard clearly despite the noise around you. This extremely comfortable, behind-the-ear headset is further proof of Plantronics' 40-plus years of commitment to headset engineering excellence.Features:
Always-on dual-mic AudioIQ technology cancels noise while retaining the unique, natural sound of your voice.
Three layers of WindSmart technology--stainless steel mic screens, acoustic fabrics, and an electronic filter--block intrusive wind noise.
Pivoting mic boom lets you wear headset on either ear and optimize the position of the two microphones.
Automatic voice prompts alert battery and mute status.
Up to six hours of continuous talk time, five days of standby from single charge.
One-year warranty.

Specifications:
Talk Time: Up to 6 hours
Standby Time: Up to 5 days/120 hours
Wearing Style: Behind-the-ear, left/right wearing; boom microphone
Bluetooth Wireless Technology: - Version 2.1 + Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) - eSCO data packet transfer - Secure Simple Pairing (SSP)2 - Profiles: Hands-free v1.5 (HFP), Headset v1.1 (HSP) - Range: Up to 33 feet - Radio chipset: CSR BlueCore 5-Multimedia Flash
AudioIQ Technology: - Two noise-canceling microphones, 3mm - Active Digital Signal Processing (DSP) - Speaker driver, 13.6mm - Internal, adaptive 20-band equalizer - Acoustic echo cancellation - Sidetone detection for noise conditions
WindSmart Technology: - Stainless steel windscreens - GORE acoustic vents - Electronic filter in mic circuitry
QuickPair Technology: Supports initial pairing with Bluetooth phones
Multipoint Technology: Supports an active connection with two Bluetooth devices
Battery Type: 3.5V Li-ion polymer rechargeable
Charge Connectors: Micro USB connector and AC/DC 100–240V
Charge Time: 1.5 hours for full charge
Headset Controls: - Power on/off - Volume up/down - Call answer/end - Mute function - Quick battery check - Call reject - Last number redial - Voice-activated dialing
Voice Prompts: - Mute status on/off - Battery status for low battery and recharge battery
Compliance: BQB, C-tick, CE, ETL, FCC, IC, RoHS/WEEE

White Latte Communications Cocoa Bluetooth Headset: Noise Cancelling Microphone and Wind Noise Reduction Filter. ds

Latte Cocoa Bluetooth Headset: Noise Cancelling Microphone and Wind Noise Reduction Filter. Sleep mode control for maximum battery power saving.Features & Specifications:
Futuristic & Slim Design
Easy to Carry with a Neck-Strap
Comfort to Wear and Painless
Noise cancelling Microphone
High Voice Quality
Multifunctional Buttons(Talk, Power On/Off)
Volume Control Buttons
Online LED Indicator
Sleep Mode Control for Power Saving
Available for non Bluetooth Mobile Phones
Compatible with Bluetooth Specification v2.0
2402~2480 MHz Operation Frequency Range
Class 2 Level Output Power Available(Max. 4 dBm)
-80 dBm Receiving Sensitivity
30ft.(10 meters) Operating Range
Over 8Hours Talk Time(HV3 SCO Slave)
Over 200 Hours Stand-by Time(Sniff Mode)
1.5 Hours Recharging Time
Wind Noise Reduction Filter on the Microphone Path
15-bit audio codec for 60dB SNR
CE, FCC, MIC, BQE Qualification
Dimension : 2.05(L) x 0.63(W) x 0.39(H) inch
Rechargeable Lithium Polymer Battery

Plantronics Voyager 510SL+ Bluetooth Headset System, Works with Deskphone and; Mobile Phone. ds-dh

The Voyager 510S Bluetooth Headset System combining both the wireless Voyager 510 Bluetooth Headset and Bluetooth Deskphone Adapter - allows you to seamlessly switch between your office phone and Bluetooth mobile phone. Whether in your office or on the go, this systems versatility eliminates the need for multiple products-one headset does it all!Features:
Lightweight, award-winning design for all-day wearing comfort.
Noise-canceling microphone for superior sound quality.
Multipoint Technology allows you to seamlessly switch between two Bluetooth devices.
One-touch call answer/end, last number redial, and voice-activated dialing.
Headset folds into your pocket or purse for easy storage.
Boom swivels for perfect positioning on either ear.
Freedom to roam up to 33 feet (10 meters) from your Bluetooth device.
Up to six hours talk time and up to 100 hours standby.
Supports Bluetooth headset and hands-free profiles.
Deskphone Adapter turns your office phone into a Bluetooth phone.
Multipoint Technology allows seamless switching between your office phone and your voice-enabled Bluetooth mobile phone, PDA or laptop.
"Smart" technology knows which device you are using - and allows you to take calls from either device at the touch of a button.
One headset solution for wireless communication in and out of the office.Specifications: Talk time: Up to 6 hours. Standby time: Up to 100 hours. Range Bluetooth standard: 33 feet (10 meters). Headset Wearing Style: Over-the-ear; boom swivels for wearing on either ear. Microphone: Noise-canceling. Headset controls: Volume, mute, call answer/end, voice activated dialing. Battery type: Lithium Polymer. Wireless compatibility: Bluetooth (v1.2) devices supporting headset and hands-free profiles.

Pink Latte Communications Mocha Bluetooth Headset, High DSP Technology, Bluetooth v2.0. ds

Do not be tied down by wires! The Latte Bluetooth headset Latte Mocha Series provides hands-free and wireless mobile communication by blending a stylish and compact design with the latest Bluetooth technology. Latte's high DSP technology produces crystal clear sound via noise reduction and echo cancellation. The Latte Mocha is super lightweight that not only provides maximum comfort even for long wearing periods, but also facilitates easy storage when the device is not in use. It allows you to talk freely even when your phone is in your pocket or across the room. Available Colors: Pink, Black, Silver, White, Red, Blue.Features & Specifications:
DSP Technology: Noise Reduction & Echo Cacellation
Bluetooth v2.0
CSR Chipset
Crystal clear sound
Ergonomic design: Shape Memory Alloy ear-loop material allows to reshape the loop to fit the ear shape
Voice dialing, call waiting, last number redialing capable
Long operation time: up to 7 talk time and 170 hours standby time
33ft distance range

Iogear Bluetooth Hands Free Car Kit, 30ft Wireless Range, Model: GBHFK211W6. ds-dh

Enjoy true hands-free freedom with IOGEAR's Bluetooth Hands-Free Car Kit. This road-companion enables you to wirelessly place and receive calls on your Bluetooth-enabled mobile phone while keeping your eyes on the road and your hands on the steering wheel when driving. It clearly transmits all your phone calls wirelessly to your phone via Bluetooth radio technology. Simply mount the unit on your car visor, and start experiencing the wireless freedom. Among its many features are built-in rechargeable batteries for long battery life, easy-to-reach controls, and hassle-free configuration. The Bluetooth Hands-Free Car Kit is compliant with Bluetooth 1.2 specification and supports headset and hands-free profiles.Features:
Talk hands-free while driving safely
Hands-free communication via your Bluetooth mobile phone
Portable Speakerphone for in the home, in the office, or on the road
Superior noise cancellation - Digital Echo Cancellation and Background Noise Reduction provide superior sound and voice quality
Make free VoIP phone calls - VoIP compatible with Bluetooth-enabled computers
Talk time of up to 8 continuous hours; standby time of up to 150 hours
Charge the device through USB charging cable or car charger kit
30 ft wireless range
Compatible with most Bluetooth-enabled mobile phones
Easy to install
Specifications:
Function: GBHFK211W6
Direct: USB
Cable Length: 3 ft
Cable Type: USB
Frequency Band: 2.4G Hz ~ 2.4835G Hz ISM
Standards: Bluetooth 1.2
Operating Range: 30 ft
Battery Type: Rechargeable NiMH
International - Languages: English, Spanish, French
Unit Dimensions: - Width: 2.80 in - Height: 0.85 in (w/o visor clip) - Length: 4.25 in

System Requirements:
Mobile Phone: Bluetooth-enabled phone with support for either Headset or Hands-Free profile
Operating System: Windows 98SE/ME/2000/XP/Vista with Bluetooth enabled Package Contents:
1 x Bluetooth Hands-Free Car Kit
1 x USB Charging Cable
1 x Car Charger
1 x Sun Visor Clamp
1 x Quick Start Guide
1 x Warranty / Registration Card

Black LG HBM-760 Bluetooth Headset SGBS0003510, Bluetooth 2.0 with EDR. OEM

The LG HBM-760 Bluetooth Headset is designed for customers who want to enjoy sleek, comfortable, hands-free communication on their handset. The HBM-760 is lightweight and offers fast and easy pairing, volume control, voice dialing, last number redial, call waiting, call reject and auto-reconnect. OEM bulk pack.Specifications:
Model: LG HBM-760
Specifications Bluetooth compliance: Bluetooth specification 2.0 with EDR (enhanced data rate)
Operating range: Up to 33 feet (10 meters)
Talk Time: Up to 9 h (subject to phone)
Stand-by time: Up to 200 h (subject to phone)
Limited Warranty: 30-Days from invoice date with Directron.com. 30-Day money back from receiving date with 15% restocking fee for non-defective returns. No credit or refund after 30 days. Customer is responsible for returning defective products including DOA due to manufacturer unless testing is paid before shipping. (duck120808)

Elite Screens Manual Series Manual Pull-Down Screen M113NWS1, 113in, 80x80, ds-dh

Elite Screens offers a 113" Manual pull down screen. View 80x80, 4 slide black border, screen size 83" x 83. NTSC/TV/VIDEO/4:3 format. Perfect for both budget home cinema, classroom movie and small business theater.Features: Manual Projection Screen - Perfect for Price Sensitive Home Theater Movie and Conference Room. Dual Wall and Ceiling Mount Design. Advance Auto - Level - Lock - Lock on Any Position and Easy Operation From Floor Level. Special Black Masking Borders - Increases Picture Focus Point. Matte White Screens - Easy to Clean and is Durable for Daily Usage. High Effective Scattered Screen Angle (>100 degree) - See Clear Picture from Different Angle. Flame Retardant Property meets CPA-84 Standard - Extra Safety Protection.Specifications: Model: M113NWS1. NOMINAL DIAGONAL: 113"(1:1). VIEWING SIZE: 80"h x 80"w. SCREEN SIZE: 83"h x 83"w. Case Lenght: 91". Dimensions: 92"H x 91"W x 3.1"D. 4 slide black border. NTSC/TV/VIDEO/4:3 format.

Black ViewSonic 26in Widescreen LCD HDTV Display N2635w, 8ms, 1360 x 768, 800:1, w/ Speakers.

ViewSonic's high-performance N2635w 26" widescreen LCD TV immerses you in HIGH-DEFINITION ENTERTAINMENT. Fast video response, high brightness and contrast ratio deliver crystal-clear fastaction movies and videos. Build a complete high-definition home theater by connecting a DVD player, gaming console, HD set top box and more with the multiple video and audio connections. HDMI with HDCP ensures long term compatibility with emerging technolgoy. ADVANCED CLEARPICTURE ELECTRONICS enhance contrast, define details and boost color for amazingly lifelike images. Built-in 20-watt Dolby Digital sound completes the experience. For a total multimedia experience that your neighbors will envy, choose the ViewSonic N2635w.Features:
Experience widescreen HDTV.
ClearPicture electronics deliver clearer, crisper, sharper images.
Vivid graphics, clear text, stunning TV.
Expand your options with plug-and-play connectivity.
OptiSync technology now features HDMI.
Powerful high-fidelity audio.
Specifications:
LCD: - Type: 26"color TFT active matrix, wide LCD. - Display Area: 22.7" horizontal x 12.7" vertical; 26" diagonal. - Native Resolution: 1360x768. - Contrast Ratio: 800:1 (typ). - Viewing Angles 160o horizontal, 150o vertical. - Response Time: 8ms. - Light Source: Long life, 50,000 hrs. (typ). - Brightness: 500 cd/m2 (typ). - Aspect Ratio: 16:9. - Glass Surface: Anti-glare, anti-reflective coat.
INPUT: - PC: RGB analog (75 ohms, 0.7 Vp-p). - TV: TV/cable, composite (RCAx4), component YPbPr/YCbCr, S-video. - Audio: 3.5mm mini stereo audio in/out and RCA (left/right) audio in. - RGB Frequency: Fh: 30~64kHz, Fv: 60~75Hz. - Sync: H/V separated (TT. - Digital: HDMI (with HDCP and audio support). - Tuner: ATSC/NTSC.
AUDIO OUPUT: Speakers: 2x10-watt Dolby Digital sound.
COMPATIBILITY: - PC: 1360x768 (preferred), 1024x768, 1280x768. - Mac*: Power Mac G3/G4/G5 up to 1280x1024.
INPUT SIGNAL: TV/Video Comp.: 480i, 480p, 720p, 1080i.
CONNECTOR: - Analog: 15-pin mini D-sub (VGA). - Digital: HDMI. - Power: 3-pin plug. - Voltage: AC 90-240V (universal), 47-63Hz. - Consumption: 150W (typ).
CONTROLS: - Basic: Power, enter, channel +/-, volume +/-, menu. - OnView (PC Mode): Auto adjust, contrast, brightness, H position, V position, fine tune, color temperature, picture mode. - (Video Mode): Picture (contrast, brightness, color, tint, sharpness, color temperature), sound (volume, balance, bass, treble, equalizer, SPDIF tuner, surround, reverb) input menu (TV, AV, S-video, YCbCr, YPbPr, HDMI, VGA), parental control (caption, change password, TV ratings, MPAA movie ratings, V-chip temporary disable), setup menu (time out, language, memory recall). - TV Mode: MTS, TV/CATV, auto scan, set channel, channel delete, label, favorite, fine tune.
OPERATING CONDITIONS: - Temperature: 32-104oF (0-40oC). - Humidity: 10-65% (non-condensing).
VESA MOUNT: 200mm x 400mm.
DIMENSIONS(W x H x D): - Physical with stand: 25.9"x 22"x 8.2" (660mm x 559mm x 210mm. - Physical without stand: 25.9"x 19.4"x 3.9" (660mm x 493mm x 101mm).
REGULATIONS: cUL, FCC, NOM, EN 55013, CB.
WARRANTY: One-year limited warranty on parts, labor and backlight.

AT&T's launch day iPhone 3G S preorders sold out - CNET News

If you were looking forward to avoiding that iPhone line at the Apple or AT&T store by ordering early from AT&T, you're too late now. AT&T preorders have sold out and folks placing preorders now are being told they'll have to wait up to two weeks to get a phone.
AT&T customers lucky enough to get their orders in early can still report to their respective AT&T stores at 7AM on the 19th to get their iPhone 3G S. They will have a guaranteed slot if they show up, but others who did not pre-order will have to fight over the remaining stock at Apple and AT&T stores.
AT&T is still accepting preorders, but not for an expected delivery on the 19th. Preorders placed at an AT&T store will be picked up at that store, whereas online orders will be shipped directly to your home or office. We suggest ordering online and having the iPhone shipped directly to you unless you like spending a lot of time in line making new friends.
It should be noted that besides Apple and AT&T stores, Best Buy, and Walmart locations should also have the iPhone 3G S for sale on June 19.

8X telescope adds zoom power to iPhone 3G/3GS

We’ve seen a couple of these telescopes that can be attached to the camera of a cellphone to allow the users to zoom objects from afar. A version that is specially made for the iPhone 3G and 3GS is now available at USBFerver, which allows your iPhone to have up to 8X zooming power.

The 8X telescope also comes with a stand which you can clip your iPhone 3G/3GS on and comfortably take pictures and videos from afar. A video attached below showing you how it could probably be used to record what’d be going on at the pool side from your apartment.

Voicemail system

Voice mail systems rare designed to perform telephone call answering and message handling services. Voicemail systems allow telephone callers to leave recorded messages for called parties when the called parties are unavailable. Over the past several decades, the telecommunications industry has continued to expand and experience growth spurts in technology. Voicemail has continued to expand and establish itself as a key element in the successful operations of most businesses. In a typical voicemail system, calling parties attempt to reach a called party or a subscriber of the functionality of the voicemail system and are directed to the subscriber's voicemail box where a voice message may be left for the subscriber's subsequent review and use. A voicemail system today can take on a variety of forms, including a computer card that can operate within a personal computer connected to a businesses telephone system, or a computer card or component that is directly integrated into the businesses telephone system, or as a service provided by a telecommunications company. Voice mail services provided by a telephone company are becoming an alternative to traditional answering machines. Such voicemail systems enable someone to leave a when the user is on the telephone, online, or away from home. Voicemail systems may work in conjunction with a private branch exchange telephone system (PBX system) and allow callers to leave a voice message for a called party when the called party is not available, without the involvement of a third party in taking a message for the called party.

PLC communication, power line communication

Power line communication (PLC) is the latest technique transmitting voice or data at a rapid speed through a power line. The power line communication technology utilizes a power line as a signal transmission channel. This technology makes it possible to perform communication between a plurality of communication devices by connecting each of those devices to a receptacle installed in each room in a house. In the power line communication (PLC), a radio frequency communication signal of a few hundreds Hz to a few tens MHz is transmitted together with an alternating power to a power line supplying the alternating power having frequencies of 50 to 60 Hz to houses, and a private access device receives only the communication signal for communicating. Generally, a PLC communication system comprises a plurality of communication stations connected to a single communication network. Each of the communication stations comprises a PLC for exchanging rapid data through the single communication network. A power line communication modem is a device that makes it possible to use these power lines as a communication line. The PLC modem converts digital data from an information processing unit such as a personal computer to analog signals, overlaps the signals with the power line of a commercial power source, converts the analog signals inputted through the power line to the digital signals and sends them to the information processing unit. The use of a power line as a communication channel provides a remarkable advantage in that additional expenses are not required for the construction of a new communication channel. The PLC may be applied to various fields such as superhigh-speed Internet communication, Internet phone, home networking system, home automation and remote metering system just by connecting a plug of a computer to a power source without using LAN or a telephone. Since no new wires are required to implement the function of communication, power-line communication systems greatly reduce the complexity and effort of installation, particularly in building retrofit applications in which it is highly desirable to be able to install an energy control system with little or no alteration of the existing electrical wiring.

Private branch exchange (PBX) business phone

A private branch exchange (PBX) system, often referred to interchangeably as private automatic branch exchanges (PABX), is an automatic telephone switching system that enables users within an organization to place calls to each other without having to access a public switched telephone network (PSTN). A PBX system generally provides telephone usage information such as call start time, call duration, and call charge when an extension subscriber communicates with an external subscriber through an office line. In a basic PBX system, the PBX is connected between the central office switch and the individual telephone stations. In a computer/telephony integration a computer is connected to one of the station lines to emulate the telephone terminals with the end result of controlling most of the features offered by the PBX through the computer interface. A PBX typically includes a private switch, usually on the enterprise's premises, connected to a common group of lines or trunk circuits running from one or more central offices to provide communications service to a number of individual phones. A private branch exchange system can be provided on the premises of a public office, hospital, or company to make a connection between a central office (CO) line and extension subscriber or between extension subscribers. Typically, a PBX environment uses digital telephone terminals and digital switching. Digital PBX switches were designed to handle analog voice traffic, with the switch performing an analog-to-digital conversion (DAC) so that digital switching can be used internally on the entity premises. Increasingly, however, private branch exchanges are carrying data traffic as well as voice traffic.

Key telephone system

A key telephone system is a small telephone exchange system for relaying telephone communication between extensions or between an extension and an outside phone. The key telephone system consists of a main device, telephone sets, lines connecting the main device with the telephone sets and an additional unit for operating the system more efficiently. A key telephone system includes a plurality of keyphones, and an apparatus for connecting the keyphones. Each keyphone includes a line selection button for commonly using a telephone line. In a key telephone system, the communication between main and terminal devices is performed in such a manner that a key code is transmitted from the terminal device to the main device, or a control instruction code is transmitted from the main device to the terminal device. A computer communication interface is included in the terminal device. A digital key telephone system comprises a main unit connected to a public network or a private branch exchange and a plurality of digital key telephones connected to the extension lines of the main unit. A digital key telephone system performs data transfer on a data channel (Dch) based on ping-pong transmission between the key telephone unit and a key telephone set. The digital key telephone has a plurality of push button type keys. When these keys are depressed, calling the public network or the private branch exchange, answering a call, and speech communication between digital key telephones are allowed.

Corded telephone

A telephone set permits the transportation of speech over a distance by means of electric signals. At the transmitting end, the telephone set carries out a transformation of acoustic signals into electric signals. At the receiving end, the telephone set carries out the transformation of the electric signals into acoustic signals. A telephone is generally connected, by means of a telephone line, to an exchange which supplies the energy necessary to operate the telephone. In particular, the exchange constantly transmits a direct-current supply voltage on the telephone line. A telephone set generally has a main body and a handset. The handset is connected to the main body by a cord. The main body is usually provided with a recessed area on which a hook switch is disposed. When the handset is not in use, it is seated on the recessed area of the main body and the hook switch is opened to disconnect the telephone circuit. To use the telephone, the handset is picked up from the main body and the hook switch is activated to connect the telephone circuit so that a dialing can be started. Telephone sets typically include a microphone, an earpiece, a keypad and a loudspeaker. The microphone converts an acoustic input signal into an electric input signal. The earpiece converts an electric output signal into an acoustic output signal. A multi-functional telephone set usually includes two additional operating modes, namely, a headset mode and a hand-free mode. A hands-free telephone set or telephone terminal includes a sound pick-up device with one or more microphones, a sound output device with one or more loudspeakers and transmit and receive signal processing circuits. A telephone set has a memory for storing the telephone number of the caller. During the absence of the user of the telephone set, when the telephone set is called, the memory stores the telephone number of the caller. After the end of the absence, the user can call back the caller by referring to the caller telephone number stored in the memory. Telephone sets come in many different styles and usually include a number of features which are tailored to the user's needs. With respect to the outer structure of telephones, they can usually be divided into two categories, table top models and wall mount-type models.

Computer telephony integration (CTI)

Computer telephony integration (CTI) is a term used to describe a general architecture in which functions traditionally provided by a telephone switching system are provided to some degree by personal computers and/or computer servers which are not dedicated to switching and telephony applications alone. Business telephony systems have become quite complex and provide a number of features in addition to local switching and control of incoming calls. These systems, often referred to as private branch exchanges (PBX), are capable of multiplexing a large number of voice and data signals from a large number of user consoles. Computer automation has found its way into every facet of data processing including telephone call processing systems. Computer telephony integration may be defined as the functional merging of telephony and data processing services in order to add value to business or other service applications. CTI enables a computer system to control a telephony system and a telephony system to access to a computer system. More specifically, CTI permits an exchange of command and status information between voice and data processing environments. Through the application of computer technology, calls can be controlled so that computer-supported call number dialing, call monitoring, or call forwarding is possible. With the use of CTI technology, computer-supported processing of items of information transmitted as a result of a telecommunication connection is possible, so that a computer-supported data transmission, speech recognition, or tone production can be executed.

Automatic call distributor (ACD)

An automatic call distributor (ACD) is a switching system typically used in an organizational context within private branch telephone exchanges (PBX) as a means of distributing telephone calls among a group of agents of the organization. Automatic call distributors (ACDs) are becoming increasingly utilized by businesses to automatically route incoming telephone calls to available agents. Some ACDs route incoming telephone calls based on the skills of the agents and the needs of the external callers. ACD systems provide for acquiring, processing and reporting data concerning different aspects of activity within the system. A display terminal connected directly, or through a designated LAN network, to the automatic call distributor generates visual representations of the data. An automatic call distributor typically consists of a multiport switch which routes calls to one or more available agents under the control of a central processing unit. Each of the agents has access to an agent console connected to the central processing unit of the ACD. The agent console generally includes a numeric keypad and a few special function pushbuttons. An ACD system detects and answers incoming calls. It looks in its memory for instructions on what to do with the calls. A host computer communicates with the ACD via a data link. The host computer stores data relating to relevant information about customers. For instance, the data may include customer name, customer account number, customer social security number or the like. ACD systems generally include a multiport switch controlled by a central processing unit to interconnect external telephonic units of an external telephonic network with internal telephonic units.

Automated attendant system

Auto attendant is a call processor system having the functions of automatically processing incoming telephone calls. Most people are familiar with auto attendant functionality, for example, when calling a credit card company or a bank, callers are often greeted by an auto attendant. Such systems allow the caller to call and contact or leave a message for an employee at any time during the day without having to worry about the message not being received. Auto attendant systems automatically implement various actions that might be performed by a switch board operator. Auto attendant systems can be implemented from a telephone system central office or, more commonly, in customer premises telephone systems with a private branch exchange (PBX). Typically such systems take the form of a programmed personal computer with additional electronic circuitry that allows the desired interaction with a telephone system. One advantage which such call processor systems provide is to promote better interaction between the users of the telephone system and callers who are connecting into the telephone system from the outside. The most common feature of auto attendant systems is call routing. When the requested information is entered, possibly after the caller listens to part or all of a directory, the call processor forwards the call to the designated extension. Some auto attendant systems include a call screening feature and a call holding feature which operates if the designated extension is busy.

Answering machine

Telephone answering machines perform the basic function that they automatically answer calls incoming on a telephone line if it is not answered first, play a prerecorded outgoing message to the calling party, and then record any message the calling party leaves. Telephone answering machines are now commonly in use and include a number of features which allow a user to screen calls, intercept calls, play back recorded messages, record an announcement, among others. A digital answering machine is used to answer a telephone and store voice messages in an internal memory. The use of an internal digital memory eliminates the need for the magnetic tape cassette that was commonly used in earlier answering machines. Digital memory storage, namely random access memory (RAM), requires the conversion of an analog voice signal generated by a microphone or phone line into a digital representation. For storing digital data in memory, the analog speech signal is digitized at a predetermined sampling rate in a first step. The resultant data stream is compressed in a second step with the aid of a data or speech compression process. The data stream reduced by the data compression is then recorded in a third step in a digital memory. A telephone answering machine is usually triggered by incoming ring signals when the number of ring signals exceed a predetermined number set by the user or manufacturer of the machine. When it is initiated, an out-going message which comprises greetings and recording instructions prepared by a user will be played to the caller and then incoming messages from the caller will be recorded. There are many other additional features which are available. Some devices allow messages to be played back over the telephone network via remote command from the caller.

Internet phone (VoIP)

Internet telephony, or IP telephony, refers to a process through which audio information corresponding to spoken words is digitized and transmitted/received from a remote location using the Internet for at least a portion of a route to/from that remote location. The proliferation of large-scale inter-connected computer networks, such as the Internet, as well as advances in the field of speech digitization, has made Internet telephony a reality. The advances in data compression technology have enabled transmission of voice conversations over digital networks, such as the internet or private digital networks. This is accomplished by providing at least two users with access to the internet and with computer hardware and internet telephony software. Internet telephony makes use of the global connection of the Internet as an alternative voice carrier to enable that voice communications be carried out between different locations around the world. Internet telephony presents an attractive alternative for long distance telephone calls, as compared to the public switched telephone network (PSTN), which has been the traditional transmission medium. The cost of Internet telephony anywhere in the world is potentially the cost of a local telephone call to the local Internet telephony provider at one end and the cost of a local call from an Internet telephony service provider at the far end to the destination telephone. The use of a data network, and the transmission of the telephone call using packet switching techniques rather than circuit switching techniques as in conventional telephony, allows a variety of value added services to be implemented. In Internet telephony system, a VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) technology is used for integrating the voice communications with data communications. The VoIP technology is that the voice is converted into a frame at an interval of a short time according to a network layer protocol used in the Internet, i.e., on the network having the IP (IP network), and a packet assembled by adding an IP header to the frame is transmitted and received.

Fiber optic communication

Optical communication technologies are employed in a wide variety of communication environments such as telecommunications, networking, data communications, industrial communication links, medical communications links, etc. Fiber optic networks are becoming increasingly commonplace in telecommunications applications due to their increased bandwidth and distance capabilities relative to copper networks. Optical fiber is the workhorse of the typical optical communication system, and the low loss, light weight, small size, flexibility and high intrinsic bandwidth of optical fiber help make optical communication systems more desirable than competing systems for the communication of both of digital and analog signals. Fiber optic transmission devices, also called optical-electronic devices or optoelectronic devices, are coupled with optical fibers for data and signal transmission by converting optical signals into electrical signals, electrical signals into optical signals, or both. Fiber optic communication utilizes optical transmitters, optical receivers and optical fiber, among other components, to transmit light signals through the fiber. Optical fibers are thin transparent fibers of glass or plastic enclosed by material having a lower index of refraction and transmit light throughout their length by internal reflections. The fibers and cladding are typically enclosed in a protective polymer jacket. The transmitters and receivers are often integrated into a single component called a transceiver. Transmitters are light sources, such as lasers or light-emitting diodes. Receivers usually include a photo detector. In communications, fiber optic cables carry pulsed modulated optical signals, originating from lasers or light emitting diodes, for communicating voice and data signals. In industry, fiber optic sensors transmit over fiber optic cables signals whose intensity and wavelength indicate the nature of a sensed parameter.

Cordless phone

Cordless telephones are telephones that include a base unit which is coupled to a telephone network via a telephone line, and a handset that communicates with the base unit via an RF link. Cordless telephones are similar to conventional corded telephones in that they are connected by wire to a local central office. However, they differ in that there is no cord between the base unit of the cordless telephone and the handset. Cordless telephones allow considerable freedom and mobility to the user, allowing the user to move about while engaged in a call, and to conduct a call at a considerable distance from the base station. Cordless telephone headsets offer hands-free roaming. Most homes and office have multiple telephone extensions with different types of telephone instruments selected to meet users' desires. Many users have both a wire-line telephone and a wireless telephone. Typically, a cordless telephone is comprised of two units: a base unit and a handset both of which are transceivers. The base unit connects to the public switched telephone network typically using a standard RJ-11 connector. The base unit provides a wireless connection to a handset. The handset is capable of receiving and transmitting signals over a wireless RF link to the base unit. The RF link either transmits the voice signals between the base unit and the remote handset using analog techniques (e.g., frequency modulation (FM), or using digital techniques (e.g., quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) or frequency shift keying (FSK), etc.). When not in use, the handset is typically cradled in a receiving portion of the base unit for battery charging purposes, or simply left on a table or other piece of furniture. In such cordless telephone sets, a discrimination code, e.g. a base unit number or a terminal unit number, is set in order to discriminate a relationship between the base unit and terminal unit. Radio connection will be made when the discrimination code registered in the base unit matches that registered in the terminal unit. Unlike conventional consumer corded telephones, which typically operate solely from power supplied by the PSTN, cordless telephones typically require an external power source to enable their operation. Specifically, such telephones are typically supplied with a DC power adapter which must be connected to a wall power outlet.

Video phone

A video phone is a system for bidirectionally transmitting moving pictures and speech of minimum quality over conventional telephone lines. A video phone combines an image capture device, an image display device, and a codec for coding and decoding the image. In recent years, there has been a rapid advance in multiplex communication systems transmitting both audio data and image data, such as with video conferences and motion video telephone systems. Because two-way video communications can give individuals the ability to communicate graphical information and to see facial expressions and gestures that cannot be conveyed by audio alone, much emphasis has been placed on commercial development of such systems. Unlike conventional speech and data communications systems, the videophone allows one party to look the other party in the face and see expressions thereon, and a large amount of information can be transmitted to each party. With the recent development of new compression techniques over standard telephone lines, it has now become possible to effectively transmit and receive video images over a standard telephone line. A videophone system generally consists of a terminal equipped with a communications interface linked to a telephone or other line, a camera and a restoration unit with a screen on which the image of the speaker positioned in front of the camera and the remote speaker can be displayed.

Telecommunication equipment

The telephone is among the most widely used communication equipment in the world. The telephone system has been greatly enhanced and become a widely accepted communication apparatus in households and offices since its invention. The examples include the telephone answering system found in households, the voice mail system used in office environments. A significant contribution to the growth of telecommunications industry has been the high demand for radio communication services, such as cordless telephone service. Cordless telephones provide greater flexibility than traditional landline phones by permitting a user to move freely and not be physically restricted by a telephone cord. Wireless networks are an increasingly popular means of personal communications. People are using mobile terminals such as cellular telephones and fixed wireless terminals so that they can readily stay in touch with others. Cellular mobile telephony provides voice and data links between users of mobile devices and fixed devices on a network. It gives users mobility without regard to how they are actually connected to the network. Telecommunications networks are shifting from a circuit-switched architecture to a packet-switched architecture. The packet-switched networks allow dynamic bandwidth, and can be connectionless networks with no dedicated circuit or connection-oriented networks with virtual circuits having dedicated bandwidth along a predetermined path. The growing availability and applicability of the Internet has spawned a growth in the use of communication systems and services offering Internet protocol (IP) telephony. A Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) system enables the transmission of telephone calls over an IP data network such as the Internet. A VoIP system handles a telephone call over most of the network as just another stream of data. Fiber optic communication technology has been developing at a rapid pace. Many advanced communication systems transmit information through a plurality of optical communication channels. Fiber optic cables are increasingly being used for communicating wide bandwidths of data at high data transmission rates. Power line communication systems have been developed for the purposes of permitting a central communication station to transmit and receive messages from remote devices. The power line communication technology utilizes a power line as a signal transmission channel.

Radio Regulations Board (RRB)

Scope
The twelve members of the Radio Regulations Board (RRB) are elected at the Plenipotentiary Conference. They perform their duties independently and on a part-time basis, normally meeting up to four times a year, in Geneva.
The Board:
approves Rules of Procedure, used by the Radiocommunication Bureau in applying the provisions of the Radio Regulations and registering frequency assignments made by Membe States;
addresses matters referred by the Bureau which cannot be resolved through application of the Radio Regulations and Rules of Procedure;
considers reports of unresolved interference investigations carried out by the Bureau at the request of one or more administrations and formulates Recommendations;
provides advice to Radiocommunication Conferences and the Radiocommunication Assemblies
considers appeals against decisions made by the Radiocommunication Bureau regarding frequency assignments;
performs any additional duties prescribed by a competent conference or by the Council.The Director of the Bureau is the Executive Secretary of the Radio Regulations Board.

World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRC)

World radiocommunication conferences (WRC) are held every two to three years. It is the job of WRC to review, and, if necessary, revise the Radio Regulations, the international treaty governing the use of the radio-frequency spectrum and the geostationary-satellite and non-geostationary-satellite orbits. Revisions are made on the basis of an agenda determined by the ITU Council, which takes into account recommendations made by previous world radiocommunication conferences.
The general scope of the agenda of world radiocommunication conferences is established four to six years in advance, with the final agenda set by the ITU Council two years before the conference, with the concurrence of a majority of Member States.
Under the terms of the ITU Constitution, a WRC can:
revise the Radio Regulations and any associated Frequency assignment and allotment Plans;
address any radiocommunication matter of worldwide character;
instruct the Radio Regulations Board and the Radiocommunication Bureau, and review their activities;
determine Questions for study by the Radiocommunication Assembly and its Study Groups in preparation for future Radiocommunication Conferences.On the basis of contributions from administrations, the Special Committee, the Radiocommunication Study Groups, and other sources (see Article 19 of the Convention (Geneva, 1992)) concerning the regulatory, technical, operational and procedural matters to be considered by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences, the Conference Preparatory Meeting (CPM) shall prepare a consolidated report to be used in support of the work of such conferences.

Welcome to ITU-R

The ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) plays a vital role in the global management of the radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbits - limited natural resources which are increasingly in demand from a large and growing number of services such as fi xed, mobile, broadcasting, amateur, space research, emergency telecommunications, meteorology, global positioning systems, environmental monitoring and communication services - that ensure safety of life on land, at sea and in the skies.
Our mission is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including those using satellite orbits, and to carry out studies and approve Recommendations on radiocommunication matters.
In implementing this mission, ITU-R aims at creating the conditions for harmonized development and effi cient operation of existing and new radiocommunication systems,taking due account of all parties concerned.
Our primary objective is to ensure interferencefree operations of radiocommunication systems. This is ensured through implementation of the Radio Regulations and Regional Agreements, and the effi cient and timely update of these instruments through the processes of the World and Regional Radiocommununication Conferences. Furthermore, radio standardization establishes ´Recommendations´ intended to assure the necessary performance and quality in operating radiocommunication systems. It also seeks ways and means to conserve spectrum and ensure fl exibility for future expansion and new technological developments.
ITU-R manages the detailed coordination and recording procedures for space systems and earth stations. Its main role is to process and publish data and to carry out the examination of frequency assignment notices submitted by administrations for inclusion in the formal coordination procedures or recording in the Master International Frequency Register.
ITU-R also develops and manages space-related assignment or allotment plans and provides mechanisms for the development of new satellite services by locating suitable orbital slots.
ITU-R accommodates the launch of new satellites as quickly and efficiently as possible. It facilitates any new developments and the continuation of satellite services in a safe way. It also squeezes more into the frequency bandwidth, which is a limited, fi nite resource. Our main concerns centre on bringing high speed satellite networks into service as well as the regulatory steps required for registering satellite network frequency assignments.
Everywhere, at every moment, people need to communicate and to understand each other. Encouraging communication between nations through the harmonious development of the tools made available to them is our ultimate goal.